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Appendix A: Glossary

General Terms

Collaboration Zone

A physical area within a building that encourages group interplay and discussion though its strategic layout and design.

Collagen

A group of proteins found in connective tissue including tendons, ligaments, skin, bone, blood vessels and intervertebral discs.

Collagen Repair

Repair of the main protein constituent of skin that provides strength, flexibility and resilience.

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning System (HVAC)

Equipment, distribution systems and terminals that provide the processes of heating, ventilating or air conditioning.

Rancidification

The process by which fats, oils and other lipids are decomposed, often resulting in undesirable odors and flavors, reducing nutritional value and introducing harmful oxidative compounds.

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL)

Daily ingestion level of at substance shown to have no harmful effect on laboratory test animals. Typically 100 to 1000 times larger than the Reference Dose.

Metabolic

Any biochemical process that occurs within an organism that is necessary to sustain life.

Conduction

Heat transfer through physical contact with another object.

Cone Cells

Photosensitive cells in the eye used to differentiate colors and brightness in moderate and high levels of illumination.

Congeners

A class of related compounds, similar in structure and chemical properties.

Conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva, the lining on the inside of the eyelids and covering the white of the eyes.

Ulcerative Colitis

An inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes long-lasting inflammation in the large intestine and rectum characterized by recurrent episodes of abdominal pain, fever and diarrhea.

Sarcopenia

Age related loss of skeletal muscle mass, including quality and strength.

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)

Most commonly detected nitrosamine in water supplies. Likely carcinogenic and formed as a result of reactions with chloramine.

Hyperpallatable

Food that is designed, engineered or marketed to be as desirable as possible. Often characterized by the presence of excessive salt, sweeteners and oils, these foods can overcome feelings of satiety to induce overeating..

Core Body Temperature (CBT)

Temperature of an organism far with the body, such as in internal organs.

Coronary Heart Disease

A heart condition caused by reduced blood flow through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle, typically resulting in chest pain or heart damage.

Highly-processed Oils

Oils that are highly processed to remove impurities and therefore to withstand cooking heat. This usually leaves the oils prone to oxidation.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

A group of autoimmune diseases of the colon and small intestine, including chron's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Zircon

A typically brown mineral with crystal or gem-like qualitie. Chief ore of zirconium.

Pulmonary Edema

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs

Heart Disease

A class of disease that affects the heart, arteries, capillaries or veins.

Mesothelioma

A disease that causes the formation of malignant cancer cells within the lining of the chest, abdomen or heart.

Culturable Mold

Culturable mold can be defined as mold that is alive, and will therefore grow in a culture sample, as opposed to non-culturable mold that is dead or dormant and would go undetected with culture sampling.

Curie

Unit of radioactivity corresponding to 37 billion atomic nucleus disintegration per second.

Liver

An organ that plays a vital role in a range of important metabolic processes including detoxification, protein synthesis and glycogen storage.

Myopia

Nearsightedness or shortsightedness, caused by light being focused in front of the retina rather than on it.

Tuberculosis

Infectious disease usually spread by inhalation of the airborne bacteria. Chiefly affects the lungs but may spread to other areas. Characterized by fever, cough, difficulty breathing and fibrosis.

Public Health Goals (PHGs)

Unenforced regulations developed by California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Similar in concept to the EPA's Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG).

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle tissue that is voluntarily controlled.

Malnutrition

A condition that results from insufficient nutrient intake, excess nutrient intake or nutrient intake in the wrong proportions.

Developmental Toxins

A subgroup of reproductive toxins that cause malformations of an embryo or fetus. Effects may occur from conception to sexual maturity and include spontaneous abortion, structural or functional defects, low birth weight or effects that may appear later in life.

Diabetes

A group of diseases that impact the metabolism due to insufficient insulin production (Type 1) and/or high insulin resistance (Type 2), and a leading cause of death. Results in poor blood sugar control, frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger and other symptoms.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A serious medical condition, not to be confused with "ketosis", in which a shortage of insulin forces triggering the production of ketones in extremely high quantities that can lead to toxic effects.

Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM)

Particulate component of diesel exhaust, which includes diesel soot and aerosols such as ash particulates, metallic abrasion particles, sulfates and silicates.

Trimester

One third (or approximately 13 weeks) of pregnancy.

Protozoa

Any single-celled eukaryotic (having a nucleus) organism, such as an amoeba.

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)

A disorder of excessive bacterial growth in the small intestine.

Malleus

Mallet shaped bone in the middle ear located between the incus and the tympanic membrane (eardrum).

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

Permit program established by the federal government in 1972 to control point-source discharges of wastewater to lakes, streams, wetlands and other surface waters.

Ecotoxic

Substances that are poisonous to the ecosystem.

Efferent Pathway

Method of transmitting information from the central nervous system to muscles and organs.

Electromagnetic Radiation

Beam of energy composed at photons, which travel at the speed of light, 300,000 km/hr.

Toxilogical Testing

Conducted to determine safety by ascertaining how damaging a given chemical may be to living or non-living organisms.

Prismic Colors

Monochromatic color that can be produced by shining white light through a prism.

Neurosecretory Cells

Neurons in the hypothalamus which release hormones into the blood.

Malabsorption

Defective or insufficient absorption of nutrients from the small intestine.

Endothelial Injury Hypothesis

An alternative theory to the lipid hypothesis, positing that oxidized, relatively small, dense low-density-lipoproteins (LDL) are the primary cause of atherosclerotic plaque and CVD. This challenges the causal link between saturated fat intake and risk of heart disease.

Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)

Quantified environmental data for a product with pre-set categories of parameters based on the International Organization of Standards (ISO) 14040 series of standards, but not excluding additional environmental information.

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

Rating of mold level based on sample of dust from within building. Takes degree of activity and toxicity of mold species.

Enzymes

Protein molecules made by the body that act as catalysts to modulate a vast array of biochemical reactions.

Toxilogical Profile

The overview of a substance surmising health effects via levels of exposure, routes of entry and toxicity testing.

Sensitization

Exposure to an allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity.

Neurons

A specialized cell of the nervous system that transmits electrochemical signals.

Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL)

Smallest level of daily ingestion of at substance shown to have some harmful effect on laboratory test animals. Always larger than the No Observed Adverse Effect Level.

Plasticizers

Added during material production to impart varying degrees of elasticity.

Homeostasis

A state of having regulated responses to environmental conditions to retain stability.

Erythema

Reddening of the skin caused by an excess in blood in the skin capillaries.

Sound Wave

Sound waves are pressure variations in a medium (air, water, etc.). The pressure differences create vibrations and are ultimately interpreted as sounds/noises when they reach the ears.

Toxigenic Molds

Molds that can have a harmful effect when inhaled or ingested.

Portland Clinker

Lumps produced by sintering limestone and alumino-silicate (clay) during the cement kiln stage.

Neurodegeneration

An umbrella term for the progressive loss of structure or function of the brain.

Myocardial Infarction

An acute episode of heart disease marked by the damage of heart muscle due to insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle, also called a heart attack.

Fenestration

An opening in a surface (as a wall or membrane).

Fetotoxicity

Resulting in toxicity of the fetus.

Fibrosis

A condition marked by an increase of fibrous tissue between tissue or part of an organ, whether in a reparative or reactive process.

Phosphogypsum

The byproduct of the processing of phosphate ore; mainly in the production of fertilizers.

Immune System

The integrated body system of organs, tissues, cells and cell products such as antibodies that differentiates self from non-self and neutralizes potentially harmful organisms or substances.

Population Adjusted Dose (PAD)

Daily ingestion level of at substance believed to have no harmful effect to all people, including susceptible populations. Typically between 10 times less and the same as the Reference Dose.

Neurocognitive Diseases

Diseases of the brain and nervous system.

Hygrothermal

A term used to connect heat and moisture flows and their combined effect on building envelope (enclosure) performance.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The core functions of the agency are: Medical Products and Tobacco, Foods and Veterinary Medicine, Global Regulatory Operations and Policy and Operations.

Food Intolerances

Food sensitivity usually caused by difficulty digesting a particular food that does not involve an immune system response or the release of histamine.

National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (NSDWR)

Non-enforced limits of select drinking water contaminants. Mainly target minerals which affect water taste and enter the water through natural deposits.

Immunosuppressive

Any compound or substance that may impair proper immune functioning.

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE)

Compounds used as flame retardants in a wide array of products, including building materials, electronics, furnishings, motor vehicles, airplanes, plastics, polyurethane foams and textiles.

Healthy Building Network

An organization that publishes and researches information on the sustainability of building materials and advocates environmentally friendly building materials and building policies.

Nanocrystalline Silica (sio2)

A form of the chemical element silicon that has introduced nanoporous holes in its microstructure.

Full Time Employee

A full time employee is one who works at least the minimum amount of hours as definied by his or her employer. This is generally defined as 8 hours a day, 5 days a week.

Fungi

Any of a group of unicellular, multicellular or syncytial spore-producing organisms feeding on organic materials.

Infrasound

Sound waves with frequencies less than 20 Hz. Too low for the human ear to hear.

Furans

One of a group of colorless, volatile, heterocyclic organic compounds

Thyroid Hormone Regulation

Regulation of thyroid hormones responsible for the physical and chemical processes that occur in cells, allow growth and maintain body functions.

Point Source Pollution

Pollution generated by a single location, such as a power plant or factory.

Particle Radiation

High energy particles made of electrons or protons and neutrons which are produced during radioactive decay.

Hydrogen Sulfide

A colorless, flammable, water-soluble, poisonous gas, having the odor of rotten eggs and used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy and as a reagent.

Genotoxic

A chemical or other agent that damages genetic material or reproduction, resulting in mutations or cancer.

Giardia

Protozoa that can live in the small intestine of humans and lead to severe digestive problems.

Glazing

Glasswork, which must be carefully designed in order to avoid excessive glare and heat gain.

Glioma

Cancer which arises in the glial cells of the brain and spinal column.

Thorium

A naturally-occurring radioactive metal element found at very low levels in soil.

Hypothalamus

Part of the brain that links the endocrine system with the nervous system through the pituitary gland.

Small Intestine

The part of the digestive tract following the stomach where the majority of nutrients are absorbed.

Septic Shock

A life-threatening severe form of whole-body inflammation that usually results from the presence of bacteria and their resulting toxins in the bloodstream.

Glycolysis

Process of metabolism which occurs during strenuous exercise in which cells produce ATP anaerobically and generate lactic acid as a byproduct.

Petroleum-based Fertilizers

Petroleum-based synthesized fertilizers were one of the major breakthroughs of the industrial and green revolutions. Today nearly half of all crop yields are directly attributable to synthetic commercial fertilizer. Although these fertilizers can boost yields, over time they lead to lower nutrient content in food, decreased soil biodiversity and are a major source of environmental pollution.

Growth Hormone

A hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration. It has an anabolic effect on the body, playing a critical role in childhood development and organ and muscle growth. It is boosted in the body during fasting, restful sleep and exercise.

Gypsum

Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium disulfate and commonly used in drywall and plasters.

Thermoregulation

The ability of an organism to maintain its body temperature within certain boundaries. Thermoregulation is one of the key aspects of homeostasis.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis

Part of the hypothalamus which regulates sex hormone release.